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	<title>Return Play to Kids &#187; creative play</title>
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	<description>Because a child's imagination is Nature's classroom</description>
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		<title>Dads, Games and Champions</title>
		<link>http://www.returnplaytokids.com/2010/04/dads-games-and-champions/</link>
		<comments>http://www.returnplaytokids.com/2010/04/dads-games-and-champions/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 15 Apr 2010 16:17:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Peter Reynolds</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Public]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[board games]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cheating]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[creative play]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[family dynamics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[family play]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[game rules]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[open ended play]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.returnplaytokids.com/?p=1215</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[With just a few weeks to go before school started, my three kids were beginning to show the inevitable signs of summer-sibling-strain: way too many squabbles going on with calls to mom or dad for reporting or resolution. So we did the family meeting thing.  We started with the ”something has to change” parent speech. [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>With just a few weeks to go before school started, my three kids were beginning to show the inevitable signs of summer-sibling-strain: way too many squabbles going on with calls to mom or dad for reporting or resolution.</p>
<p>So we did the family meeting thing.  We started with the <em>”something has to change” </em>parent speech<em>. </em>Alexandra, our youngest, suggested we needed a family game night.  We verbally patted her on the head and went on about our lecture-as-solution technique.   Persistent person that she is, Alexandra wouldn’t let go of her approach to world peace.  She continued to bring up her game night request.  Finally, wanting to honor her sincerity and enthusiasm and <strong>c</strong>onfidence, we agreed to her suggestion.</p>
<p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The Power of Play</span></strong></p>
<p>It seems our daughter is wise beyond her years.  The experience of playing together truly <em>did</em> shift our family dynamics.  Alexandra’s instinct really brought home the wisdom I have heard seasoned specialty toy retailers tout every spring during their “turn off the TV week” promotions.  Board games really <strong><em>do</em></strong> foster communication and joy and build new skills.</p>
<p>One of those skills, we found, was our children’s <span style="color: #0000ff;">creative use of adjectives to describe how lame they find their father</span>.  Whatever.  A caring father is willing to be the fall guy for higher learning.</p>
<p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Good Dads</span></strong></p>
<p>I started thinking about the difference between “being a good dad” by setting up the swing set vs. “being a good dad” by participating in a game.  Swing set assembly was important to the joy of my children when they were younger.  <span style="color: #0000ff;">Game playing turned out to be joy for </span><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">me</span></span></strong><span style="color: #0000ff;">!</span></p>
<p>My kids were tough on our first game night&#8211;but <strong>very </strong>entertaining.   I noticed the strain of minor fracases was replaced by laughter.   And that laughter shaped us beyond the hours of game playing.  Days later we were a kinder, gentler group!</p>
<p>I saw cognitive leaps as Sean made up his own rules, rules he was subtly crafting to leave me in the dust and to make us all laugh.  I discovered that overt and humor- filled “cheating” stretched all our brains <strong><em>and</em></strong> deposited priceless family lore in the memory banks.</p>
<p>I am the newly crowned Sorry World Champion.  I’m making them beg for a rematch.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<item>
		<title>Quick Reading for Playful Parenting</title>
		<link>http://www.returnplaytokids.com/2009/04/quick-reading-for-playful-parenting/</link>
		<comments>http://www.returnplaytokids.com/2009/04/quick-reading-for-playful-parenting/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 20 Apr 2009 16:58:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Deb McCollister</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Featured Articles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Public]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Add new tag]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ADHD]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CMCH]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[commercialism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[consumerism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[creative play]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[developmental]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dr. Michael Rich]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[licensed characters]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Make-believe]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Media and Child Health]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nancy Carlsson-Paige]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Natural playgrounds]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[open ended play]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[outdoors]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[play]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[pretend play]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Richard Louv]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Stuart Brown]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Susan Linn]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[unstructured free time]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[youth marketer]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.returnplaytokids.com/?p=160</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[These are some of the &#8220;big ideas&#8221; gleaned from the experts in child development and play that we’ve listed in our Resources list! Busy parents tell us they WANT to read everything they can get their hands on, but time is short.  Tour these websites when you can, but in the meantime, here are some [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>These are some of the &#8220;big ideas&#8221; gleaned from the experts in child development and play that we’ve listed in our Resources list! Busy parents tell us they WANT to read everything they can get their hands on, but time is short.  Tour these websites when you can, but in the meantime, here are some tidbits to whet your appetite:</p>
<h3><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-198" title="banner" src="http://www.returnplaytokids.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/banner.jpg" alt="banner" width="472" height="98" /></h3>
<p><a href="http://www.nifplay.org/"><span><strong>National Institute for Play</strong></span></a></p>
<ul>
<li><span>Play is hard wired in animals and in humans&#8211;children <em>and </em></span><span>adults</span></li>
<li>Play is central to learning and creative thinking</li>
<li>Play and work are related; play increases efficiency and productivity</li>
<li>Play is no less important than oxygen, a powerful force that may even determine the likely survival of the human race!</li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="padding-left: 60px; "><span>· SO&#8211;make time for play, unstructured, open-ended play every day</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="padding-left: 60px; "><span>· Protect time for play and honor it as important for your child’s development, at least as important as structured activities!</span></p>
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<h3><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-196" title="ccfc-logo" src="http://www.returnplaytokids.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/ccfc-logo.jpg" alt="ccfc-logo" width="190" height="99" /></h3>
<h3><span style="color: #000000;"><a href="http://www.commercialfreechildhood.org/"><span style="color: #888888;">Campaign for a Commercial Free Childhood</span></a></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #888888;">· </span><span style="color: #888888;">Cartoon, storybook and movie characters are licensed</span><span style="color: #888888;"><a name="_ftnref1"></a> for marketing to babies toddlers and children (</span><em><span style="color: #888888;">Companies spend about $17 billion annually marketing to children, a staggering increase from the $100 million spent in 1983)</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #888888;">· Everything from macaroni to sheets to toys may carry messages of &#8220;you have to have </span><strong><em><span style="color: #888888;">me&#8221;</span></em></strong><span style="color: #888888;">, messages designed to make children nag their parents into buying products</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #888888;">·  Youth marketers employ child development specialists to “turn young children into consumers”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span id="more-160"></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="color: #000080;"><span style="color: #000080;"><span style="color: #888888;"><br />
</span> </span><span style="color: #000080;"> </span></span><span style="color: #000080;"> </span></span><span style="color: #000080;"> </span></span><span style="color: #888888;"> </span></span><span style="color: #888888;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #888888;">· Parents can resist reinforcing the power of licensed characters by:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #888888;">o  avoiding licensed products for as long as possible</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #888888;">o  sharing awareness with other parents (in some preschools, parents have agreed to not send kids to school with clothing, backpacks, lunch boxes and toys that carry licensed images)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #888888;">o  making school age children aware of marketing intent</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #888888;">· Parents and teachers can advocate that schools be “commercial free”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #888888;">· Parents can join the advocacy effort through campaigns to direct concern to corporations and policy makers</span></p>
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</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: mceinline, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, fantasy; color: #000080;"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-204" title="truce-image" src="http://www.returnplaytokids.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/truce-image.gif" alt="truce-image" width="288" height="62" /><br />
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<h3><strong><span style="color: #000000;"><a href="http://www.truceteachers.org/"><span style="color: #888888;">Teachers Resisting Unhealthy Children’s Entertainment (T.R.U.C.E.)</span></a></span></strong></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #888888;">You willl find great, downloadable documents and guides for parents as well as teachers</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #888888;">· Children use play to actively construct knowledge, meet social/emotional needs, and acquire life skills. (Big, important stuff, just from “</span><em><span style="color: #888888;">playing”!)</span></em></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #888888;">· The content of </span><strong><em><span style="color: #888888;">meaningful play</span></em></strong><span style="color: #888888;"> comes from each child’s </span><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: #888888;">own experiences</span></span><span style="color: #888888;">, </span><em><span style="color: #888888;">not</span></em><span style="color: #888888;"> from re-enacting the scripts of movies and videos</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #888888;">· SO&#8211;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #888888;">o Provide </span><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: #888888;">uninterrupted daily play time</span></span><span style="color: #888888;"> [2] </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #888888;">o Organize play materials so they are easily accessible and so that you communicate respect for their value.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #888888;">· Simple toys will provide the most value and most hours of creative play (blocks, puzzles, basic vehicles, dress-up props). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #888888;">· Great toys enhance children’s natural ability to engage in imaginative, meaningful play by allowing them to </span><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: #888888;">try out their own ideas</span></span><span style="color: #888888;"> and solve their own problems. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #888888;">· A toy that “performs” has more limited play value</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #888888;">· Look for more child power and less toy power!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #888888;">· Parents can join one another to limit children’s screen time, limiting TV, movies, videos, computers, DVD’s and video games in favor of open-ended, problem-solving free play.</span></p>
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<h3><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-203" title="cnn" src="http://www.returnplaytokids.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/cnn.jpg" alt="cnn" width="540" height="108" /></h3>
<h3><strong><a href="http://www.childrenandnature.org/"><span style="color: #888888;">Children &amp; Nature Network</span></a></strong><a href="http://www.childrenandnature.org/"><span style="color: #888888;"> </span></a><strong><a href="http://www.childrenandnature.org/"><span style="color: #888888;">(C&amp;NN)</span></a></strong></h3>
<p><strong><span style="font-family: mceinline, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, fantasy; font-weight: normal; font-size: 13px;"><span style="color: #888888;">The Children and Nature Network is a grassroots movement that began after the publication of  Richard Louv&#8217;s bestselling book, <em>Last Child in the Woods; Saving our Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder. </em>You will find so many family-friendly tips and resources, <a rel="http://www.childrenandnature.org/movement/naturerocks/" href="http://www.childrenandnature.org/movement/naturerocks/" target="_blank"><img class="alignright" title="Nature Rocks" src="http://www.childrenandnature.org/uploads/NR_Logo_tm.jpg" alt="" width="50" height="27" /></a>from ways to organize your own local family nature groups to maps on nearby nature-filled resources!  <a href="http://www.childrenandnature.org/uploads/NR_Logo_tm.jpg"><br />
</a></span></span></strong></p>
<h3>Research</h3>
<p><strong><span style="font-family: mceinline, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, fantasy; font-weight: normal; font-size: 13px;"><span style="color: #888888;">A growing body of research links our mental,      physical and spiritual health to the complex link between children and      nature.</span></span></strong></p>
<p><span style="color: #888888;">·  Children need lengthy, unstructured free time in nature every week—every day, if possible!<br />
·  Check the </span><span style="color: #888888;"> </span><strong><em><span style="color: #888888;">many</span></em></strong><span style="color: #888888;"> research findings and you’ll learn:</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #888888;">Children are smarter, cooperative, happier and healthier when they have frequent and varied opportunities for free and unstructured play in the outdoors.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #888888;">Between 1981 and 1997, the amount of time children ages 6 to 8 in the U.S. played decreased 25%, by almost four hours per week. (Hofferth &amp; Sandberg 2000)</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #888888;">Dr. Stephen R. Kellert of Yale writes, &#8220;Play in nature, particularly during the critical period of middle childhood, appears to be an especially important time for developing the capacities for creativity, problem-solving, and emotional and intellectual development.&#8221;</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #888888;">It’s important to share experiences with a child. Dr. Louise Chawla writes, &#8220;The very fact that a parent or grandparent chose to take the child with them to a place (in nature) where they themselves found fascination and pleasure, to share what engaged them there, suggests not only care for the natural world, but, equally, care for the child.&#8221;</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #888888;">Advocating for greener school grounds may impact children’s learning. &#8220;Nature Nurtures: Investigating the Potential of School Grounds.&#8221; © 2000 Evergreen ( </span><a href="http://www.evergreen.ca"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #888888;">www.evergreen.ca</span></span></span></a><span style="color: #888888;">) reports that benefits to students improve academic performance.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #888888;">Natural playgrounds (White and Stocklin 1998) are designed to stimulate children&#8217;s natural curiosity, imagination, wonder and discovery learning as well as nurture children&#8217;s connectiveness with nature.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: mceinline, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, fantasy;"><span style="color: #888888;">Natural playgrounds and children’s extended time playing there offer far more than physical exercise (and an answer to childhood obesity), their use for academic discovery is well documented</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: mceinline, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, fantasy;"><span style="color: #888888;">Children with symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are better able to concentrate after contact with nature (Faber Taylor et al. 2001).</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: mceinline, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, fantasy;"><span style="color: #888888;">Children with views of and contact with nature score higher on tests of concentration and self-discipline. The greener, the better the scores (Faber Taylor et al. 2002, Wells 2000).</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: mceinline, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, fantasy;"><span style="color: #888888;">Children who play regularly in natural environments show more advanced motor fitness, including coordination, balance and agility, and they are sick less often (Fjortoft 2001, Grahn et al. 1997).</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: mceinline, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, fantasy;"><span style="color: #888888;">When children play in natural environments, their play is more diverse with imaginative and creative play that fosters language and collaborative skills (Faber Taylor et al. 1998, Fjortoft 2000, Moore &amp; Wong 1997).</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: mceinline, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, fantasy;"><span style="color: #888888;">Exposure to natural environments improves children&#8217;s cognitive development by improving their awareness, reasoning and observational skills (Pyle 2002).</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: mceinline, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, fantasy;"><span style="color: #888888;">Nature buffers the impact of life stress on children and helps them deal with adversity. The greater the amount of nature exposure, the greater the benefits (Wells 2003).</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: mceinline, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, fantasy;"><span style="color: #888888;">Early experiences with the natural world have been positively linked with the development of imagination and the sense of wonder (Cobb 1977, Louv 1991). Wonder is an important motivator for life long learning (Wilson 1997).</span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-family: mceinline, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, fantasy; color: #888888;">And now, Children and Nature Network has added a social website where people can share, learn and lead in the growing movement to reconnect children with nature.  <a style="color: #2a5db0;" title="C&amp;NN Connect" href="http://www.childrenandnature.ning.com/" target="_blank">www.childrenandnature.ning.com </a><br />
</span></p>
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<h3><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-207" title="alliance-logo1" src="http://www.returnplaytokids.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/alliance-logo1.gif" alt="alliance-logo1" width="580" height="220" /></h3>
<h3><strong><a href="http://www.allianceforchildhood.org/"><span style="color: #888888;">The Alliance for Childhood</span></a></strong></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #888888;">You will discover</span><strong><span style="color: #888888;">:</span></strong></span></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #888888;">Links to new research and public education campaigns about healthy childhood</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #888888;">Position paper publications on important issues (2009: Crisis in the Kindergarten)</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #888888;">Ways you can partner to advocate for policies and practices that support children’s healthy development, love of learning and joy in living</span></li>
</ul>
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<div>
<p><a href="http://kaboom.org"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-357" title="kaboomlogo" src="http://www.returnplaytokids.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/kaboomlogo.png" alt="kaboomlogo" width="329" height="89" /></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><em>KaBOOM!</em></strong> Passionately believes that play has purpose and that unstructured play helps make children’s lives better.  <em><strong>KaBOOM!</strong></em> works to empower communities to build playgrounds while advocating for recognition essential value of play for the growth and development of children.<span> </span>Use their webiste to search for playgrounds and parks or HELP build playspaces in communities in need.<span> </span>This non-profit advocacy organization is involved in building and spurring <em>physical playspaces </em><span>while also </span><em>educating</em><span> </span><em>and informing</em><span> the public about the value of play!</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span><a title="CMCH" rel="attachment wp-att-1244" href="http://www.returnplaytokids.com/2009/04/quick-reading-for-playful-parenting/cmch-logo/" target="_blank"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-1244" title="cmch logo" src="http://www.returnplaytokids.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/cmch-logo.jpg" alt="cmch logo" width="245" height="53" /></a><br />
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<p>We think you’ll find the research and discussion surrounding the Center on Media and Child Health to be of great interest. The Center at Children&#8217;s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard School of Public Health is dedicated to understanding and responding to the effects of media on the physical, mental, and social health of children through research, production, and education.  The &#8220;Ask the Mediatrician&#8221; section is a great place for parents and teachers to engage in meaningful discussions about nurturing children in our culture.</p></div>
<h2><strong><em><span style="color: #888888;">Other Thoughts:</span></em></strong></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="color: #888888;"> </span></strong></p>
<h3><span style="color: #888888;"><em>Give yourself permission to step back and allow your children some independence to explore life through their play.</em></span></h3>
<ul>
<h3><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="color: #888888;">With </span><strong><span style="color: #888888;">toddlers,</span></strong><span style="color: #888888;"> make some time to </span></span><strong><span style="color: #888888;">sit back</span></strong><span style="color: #888888;"> a bit, watch and enjoy!</span></h3>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="padding-left: 60px;"><span style="color: #888888;">o You don&#8217;t have to be interacting, directing, analyzing every moment to be a good parent!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="padding-left: 60px;"><span style="color: #888888;">o Even a very young child needs time to direct himself, to discover the fun HE can uncover in the sand, the dirt, or the playroom!</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="color: #888888;">With </span><strong><span style="color: #888888;">preschool and primary school children</span></strong><span style="color: #888888;">, make a safe place where they can sometimes play together </span></span><strong><span style="color: #888888;">without adult direction and</span></strong><span style="color: #888888;"> too much intervention</span><span style="color: #888888;"> </span><span style="color: #888888;"> </span><span style="color: #888888;"> </span><span style="color: #000080;"> </span><span style="color: #000080;"> </span><span style="color: #000000;"> </span></p>
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<li><span style="font-family: mceinline, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, -webkit-fantasy;"><span style="color: #888888;">Even children of the very best parents will benefit from the opportunity to create play scenarios that help them process their own family dynamics</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: mceinline, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, -webkit-fantasy;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, fantasy;"><span style="color: #888888;">Mom or dad monitoring every moment may inhibit[3]</span><span style="color: #888888;"> some of that processing!</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: mceinline, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, -webkit-fantasy;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, fantasy;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, fantasy;"><span style="color: #888888;">Organized sports and artistic lessons can be important, but try to honor </span><strong><span style="color: #888888;">time each day for children to “be” rather than to “do”,</span></strong><span style="color: #888888;"> giving them ample opportunity to reach inside themselves for fun, to build their own resourcefulness</span></span></span></span></span></li>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="color: #888888;"><a name="_ftn1"></a> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #888888;">[1]</span></span><span style="color: #888888;"> A </span><em><span style="color: #888888;">license</span></em><span style="color: #888888;"> is a grant of permission to allow another to make use of intellectual property rights. So storybook characters, movie characters and cartoon characters “sell” their license to toy makers, junk food purveyors, clothing, and home goods makers—even vitamin pills are licensed; the possibilities and profits are endless.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="color: #888888;">[2]  Nancy Carlsson-Paige (</span><em><span style="color: #888888;">Taking Back Childhood) </span></em><span style="color: #888888;">writes that if they “aren’t sure that their playtime won’t be disrupted, kids won’t get very involved”. </span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="color: #888888;">[3]  Susan Linn writes, “Make believe is a natural means of coping with deep fears and fantasies, even for children leading the most sheltered of lives. It can often seem quite gruesome and serves two purposes. It’s a way for them to gain a sense of mastery over the things that frighten or overwhelm them. It’s also a time when young children, working so hard to conform to exhortations to ‘be good’, have a chance to give voice to their very human desires to express the unacceptable—anger, selfishness, meanness and fear”. (Susan Linn, </span><em><span style="color: #888888;">The Case for Make-Believe</span><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: #888888;">, </span></span></em><span style="color: #888888;">2008, p. 21).</span></p>
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